Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

What is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?

PMDD is the most severe form of PMS that strikes women in the childbearing years. Women affected with the condition face acute emotional and physical symptoms that make daily life and social interactions difficult. Unlike PMS, which may cause mild discomfort and mood swings, PMDD symptoms are more extreme and chronic, requiring professional intervention for management and relief.

Causes

The exact cause of PMDD remains unknown, but it is believed to stem from an abnormal reaction to normal hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. During the premenstrual phase, hormonal changes can lead to a shortage of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved with mood regulation. PMDD leads to serotonin deficiencies that cause severe emotional and physical symptoms.

Symptoms

Symptoms of PMDD typically arise during the week before menstruation and can last until a few days after menstruation starts. The symptoms can be:

• Severe depression, sadness, or feelings of worthlessness

• Heightened anxiety and tension

• Extreme mood swings and irritability

• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

• Changes in sleep patterns, such as insomnia or oversleeping

• Physical symptoms like headaches, breast tenderness, and bloating.

These symptoms are not only distressing but can also interfere with daily tasks, making it challenging to maintain relationships, work performance, and overall well-being.

Who is at Risk?

While PMDD can affect anyone, certain factors may increase the risk:

• A family history of PMS or PMDD

• Personal or family history of mood disorders, such as depression or anxiety

• Lower levels of education and lifestyle factors like smoking

Diagnosis

Diagnosing PMDD involves a thorough health history, physical examination, and sometimes a pelvic exam. To diagnose PMDD, a healthcare provider typically looks for the following criteria:

• The presence of five or more symptoms during most menstrual cycles over the past year.

• Symptoms must occur during the week before menstruation and subside shortly after the onset of menstruation.

• Significant distress or interference in daily functioning

How is PMDD Treated?

Effective treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder may include —

• Lifestyle changes

Incorporating a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management techniques like yoga or meditation

• Nutritional supplements

Vitamin B-6, calcium, and magnesium may help alleviate symptoms.

• Medications

Antidepressants (SSRIs), hormonal treatments, and birth control pills can also be effective.

FAQs

1. Is PMDD different from PMS?

PMDD is a more extreme condition of PMS, with symptoms so overpowering that they interfere with daily functioning.

2. Does PMDD worsen over time?

Some women experience PMDD symptoms that become progressively worse and last until menopause.

3. Can PMDD be treated?

A number of lifestyle modifications and treatments do control and help improve the conditions associated with PMDD.