Bacterial Meningitis in Infants

Causes

Neonatal bacterial meningitis can be caused by several pathogens. The most common include:

1. Group B Streptococcus (GBS):

Often acquired during birth from the mother.

2. Escherichia coli (E. coli):

Particularly in premature infants.

3. Listeria monocytogenes:

Can be transmitted through contaminated food and affects newborns.

4. Neisseria meningitidis:

A less common cause, but can occur in infants and children.

5. Streptococcus pneumoniae:

A common cause of bacterial meningitis in older infants and children.

Risk Factors

This includes prematurity, low birth weight, and maternal infections during pregnancy. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications.

Symptoms in Infants

Signs and symptoms of bacterial meningitis in infants can vary but may include:

1. Fever: Often high and persistent.

2. Irritability: Excessive fussiness or difficulty being comforted.

3. Poor feeding: Refusal to eat or drink.

4. Lethargy: Unusual sleepiness or decreased responsiveness.

5. Bulging fontanelle: Swelling of the soft spot on the head.

6. Stiff neck: Limited neck movement, though this may be harder to assess in infants.

7. Seizures: May occur in some cases.

8. Rash: A petechial or purpuric rash, particularly with meningococcal meningitis.

If any of these signs are present and parents suspect bacterial meningitis in newborns, seek medical attention immediately, as bacterial meningitis can progress rapidly.

Symptoms in Infants

Diagnosing bacterial meningitis in infants involves several tests, including blood cultures, lumbar punctures (spinal taps), and imaging studies. These tests help identify the bacteria causing the infection and assess the extent of inflammation. Early diagnosis is vital for starting appropriate treatment and preventing complications.

Treatment Options and Antibiotic Therapy

Treatment for neonatal bacterial meningitis typically involves

1. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are initiated immediately after diagnosis to target the most common pathogens. Specific antibiotics may be administered based on culture results.

2. Corticosteroids are administered to reduce inflammation & potential complications.

3. Supportive care such as monitoring vital signs, fluid management, and maintaining a calm environment can help manage the condition.

4. Hospitalisation is often required to monitor the infant's condition closely, and administer the necessary care.

FAQs

1. What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in infants?

Group B Streptococcus is one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis in newborns.

2. How quickly should treatment be started for bacterial meningitis in infants?

Treatment should be started as soon as bacterial meningitis in infants is suspected to prevent severe complications.

3. Can bacterial meningitis in infants be prevented?

While some risk factors can be mitigated, not all cases of neonatal bacterial meningitis are preventable.