Diarrhoea in Children: Causes, Symptoms, and Remedies

Causes of Diarrhoea in Children

Several factors can contribute to diarrhoea in children. Here's a breakdown of the most common causes —

• Viral Infections:

Rotavirus and other viruses are frequent causes, leading to inflammation in the digestive tract and watery stools. These infections are often accompanied by vomiting and mild fever.

• Bacterial Infections:

Bacteria like E. coli or Salmonella can contaminate food or water, causing irritation and inflammation in the intestines and resulting in diarrhoea in children.

• Parasites:

Microscopic organisms like giardia can enter the body through contaminated food or water, causing persistent diarrhoea.

• Food Intolerance:

Difficulty digesting certain foods like lactose (milk sugar) can lead to lactose intolerance, causing diarrhoea, bloating, and gas.

• Food Allergies:

An immune system reaction to specific foods, such as shellfish or peanuts, can trigger diarrhoea along with other allergic reactions like hives or wheezing.

• Medications:

Certain antibiotics or medications can disrupt gut health (the balance of good & bad bacteria) and cause diarrhoea as a side effect.

Symptoms of Diarrhoea in Children

The symptoms of diarrhoea in children can vary depending on the underlying cause. However, some common signs to watch out for include:

• Loose, watery stools occuring more frequently than usual

• Abdominal cramps or pain

• Bloating

• Nausea or vomiting

• Fever (may be present in some cases)

• Urgent need to use the bathroom

• Dehydration (indicated by dry mouth, decreased urination, and sunken fontanelle in babies)

• Blood in the stool (less common)

Diagnosis

Diagnosing diarrhoea in children involves a doctor analysing your kid's symptoms and health history, followed by a physical examination. Diagnostic tests, including blood and urine checks, are often used to ascertain dehydration or underlying issues. Doctors also conduct stool analysis for abnormal bacteria or parasites. Blood tests are also carried out in particular cases to rule out specific diseases. In rare cases, allergy or intolerance tests, like sigmoidoscopy, are also needed.

Treatment Options

The primary focus of treatment for diarrhoea in children is managing dehydration. This is especially important for younger kids, as they can lose fluids rapidly.

Here are some key strategies —

• Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) :

This solution, available over-the-counter or prescribed by a doctor, replenishes lost fluids and electrolytes. Encourage your child to take frequent sips of ORS throughout the day.

• Clear Fluids:

Encourage your child to drink clear fluids like water, diluted apple juice, or clear broths to keep him/her hydrated. Avoid sugary drinks or soda, which can worsen diarrhoea.

• Dietary Modifications:

A bland diet, often referred to as the BRAT diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast), can help ease digestive discomfort and firm up stools. Gradually introduce other foods as your child recovers.

• Probiotics:

These live bacteria can help restore the balance of gut flora, potentially reducing the duration of diarrhoea. Consider probiotic supplements or probiotic-rich foods like yoghurt with live cultures.

Home Remedies for Diarrhoea in Children

While not a substitute for medical advice, some home remedies can help alleviate symptoms of diarrhoea in children —

• Rest:

Encourage your kid to get plenty of rest to allow his/her body to recover.

• Warm Bath:

A warm bath may help soothe abdominal discomfort.

• Ginger Tea:

Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties that might ease digestive discomfort. Make a weak ginger tea by boiling a small piece of ginger in water, cool it down, and offer small sips to your child.

• Mashed Bananas:

Rich in pectin, mashed bananas can help absorb excess fluids in the intestines and promote stool firmness.

• Boiled Rice Water:

Boil rice in excess water, then strain the water. This starchy liquid can help bulk up stools and soothe the stomach.

Prevention of Diarrhoea in Children

The good news is that many cases of diarrhoea in children can be prevented with some simple precautions, such as —

• Handwashing:

Frequent and thorough handwashing with water and soap is crucial to prevent the spread of germs that can cause diarrhoea.

• Safe Food and Water:

Ensure your child consumes clean, treated water. Be cautious about consuming unpasteurised milk or undercooked food, especially when travelling.

• Fruits and Vegetables:

Wash fruits and vegetables properly before consumption to remove any contaminants.

• Hygiene:

Maintain good hygiene practices, including regularly cleaning surfaces and toys your child comes in contact with.

• Rotavirus Vaccine:

Vaccinating your child against rotavirus, a common cause of viral diarrhoea, can provide significant protection.

When to See a Doctor?

While most cases of diarrhoea in children resolve within a few days, there are situations where seeking medical attention becomes crucial. Here are some red flags you should watch out for —

• Age:

Diarrhoea in children under 6 months old requires immediate medical attention.

• Dehydration:

Signs of dehydration like dry mouth, sunken fontanelle (in babies), infrequent urination, or excessive thirst necessitate a doctor's visit.

• Bloody Stools:

Blood in the stool warrants a doctor's evaluation.

• Severe Abdominal Pain:

If your child experiences severe or persistent abdominal pain, consulting a doctor is essential.

• High Fever:

A high temperature (above 102°F) alongside diarrhoea might indicate a more severe condition.

• Persistent Vomiting:

The inability of a child to keep fluids down due to persistent vomiting requires medical intervention.

• Lethargy or Unusual Drowsiness:

If your child exhibits unusual drowsiness or lethargy, seeking medical attention is crucial.